Identity, Gender, and Modern Narrative Techniques in Virginia Woolf’s Orlando
This blog is written as part of a Thinking Activity assigned by Prakruti Bhatt for the MA English syllabus paper on Virginia Woolf’s Orlando: A Biography. The assignment aims to develop a critical understanding of Woolf’s modernist narrative techniques, particularly stream of consciousness, her concept of the New Biography, and her exploration of gender and identity. Through textual analysis and the use of an AI image generator to interpret a selected chapter, this blog combines theoretical insight with creative engagement, fulfilling the academic objectives of the syllabus.
Introduction
Virginia Woolf’s Orlando: A Biography (1928) occupies a unique position in modern English literature due to its bold experimentation with narrative form, time, gender, and identity. Written during the height of literary modernism, Orlando challenges the conventions of the traditional novel as well as the traditional biography. The novel traces the life of Orlando, an aristocratic figure who lives for over three hundred years and experiences a transformation from man to woman. Through this extraordinary premise, Woolf explores fundamental questions about the nature of selfhood, the construction of gender, and the limitations of historical and biographical writing.
Rather than presenting identity as fixed or stable, Woolf depicts it as fluid, shaped by time, memory, and social forces. The novel employs modern narrative techniques such as stream of consciousness, while also reflecting Woolf’s ideas about the “New Biography,” which prioritizes psychological truth over factual accuracy. At the same time, Orlando offers a profound feminist critique by demonstrating how men and women experience the world differently due to social conventions rather than biological necessity.
Stream of Consciousness in Orlando
Stream of consciousness is a narrative technique that attempts to capture the continuous and often fragmented flow of a character’s thoughts, emotions, sensations, and memories. Instead of following a linear plot structure, this technique reflects the way the human mind naturally operates—moving freely between past and present, reason and emotion, reality and imagination. Modernist writers such as Virginia Woolf, James Joyce, and Dorothy Richardson used this technique to move away from external realism and focus on inner psychological reality.
In Orlando, Woolf employs stream of consciousness to portray the inner life of the protagonist across centuries. Since Orlando exists beyond ordinary human limits of time and age, Woolf cannot rely on traditional storytelling methods alone. Instead, she emphasizes Orlando’s shifting thoughts, self-reflections, and emotional responses to changing historical and personal circumstances. The narrative frequently moves from external description to internal meditation, allowing readers to witness Orlando’s evolving sense of self.
This technique is particularly significant in representing Orlando’s transformation of gender. Woolf does not present the change as a dramatic external event but as something that occurs almost seamlessly, emphasizing continuity of consciousness rather than physical difference. Orlando’s thoughts, memories, and personality remain largely unchanged, suggesting that identity resides in consciousness rather than in the body. Thus, stream of consciousness becomes a powerful tool for expressing Woolf’s belief in the fluid and non-material nature of identity.
The New Biography and Its Relevance
The concept of the New Biography emerged in the early twentieth century as a response to the limitations of traditional biographical writing. Conventional biographies focused primarily on verifiable facts such as dates, achievements, and public events, often neglecting the inner emotional and psychological life of the subject. Virginia Woolf argued that such biographies failed to capture the true essence of a person. According to Woolf, biography should seek to represent personality, consciousness, and contradictions rather than mere historical accuracy.
Orlando is Woolf’s most creative and experimental engagement with the idea of the New Biography. Although subtitled A Biography, the novel deliberately violates every rule of traditional biography. Orlando lives for centuries, interacts with historical figures across different eras, and undergoes a miraculous change of sex. These fantastical elements make it clear that Woolf is not attempting to write a factual life story but is instead questioning what it means to record a life.
By blending history with imagination, Woolf demonstrates that human identity cannot be fully explained through facts alone. The narrator often adopts a mock-biographical tone, highlighting the absurdity of trying to confine a complex human life within rigid historical documentation. In this way, Orlando becomes both a parody and a reinvention of biography, illustrating Woolf’s belief that inner truth is more important than external fact.
Gender, Society, and Experience
One of the most significant themes in Orlando is the exploration of gender and its impact on individual experience. Woolf uses Orlando’s transformation from man to woman as a narrative strategy to examine whether differences between men and women are rooted in biology or produced by society.
As a man, Orlando enjoys social freedom, legal rights, and intellectual independence. He moves freely in public spaces, owns property, and participates actively in political and literary life. However, after becoming a woman, Orlando encounters a radically different social reality. Despite possessing the same intelligence, memories, and personality, she faces restrictions imposed by social conventions. She is expected to behave modestly, prioritize marriage, and accept legal and economic limitations.
Through this contrast, Woolf argues that gender differences are largely the result of social conditioning rather than biological destiny. Orlando’s inner self remains consistent across the transformation, suggesting that masculinity and femininity are not inherent qualities but roles shaped by cultural expectations. Woolf thus exposes the injustice of patriarchal structures and highlights how society limits women’s freedom and self-expression.
This argument aligns closely with Woolf’s feminist ideas expressed in essays such as A Room of One’s Own, where she emphasizes the role of social and economic conditions in shaping women’s lives and creative potential.
AI-Generated Image of Orlando (Chapter 4)
For this assignment, Chapter 4 of Orlando has been selected, as it marks a crucial phase in Orlando’s life after her transformation into a woman. In this chapter, Orlando lives in eighteenth-century England and becomes increasingly aware of the social constraints associated with her gender. Woolf pays particular attention to clothing, manners, and social expectations, showing how appearance influences identity and treatment.
Based on the descriptions in this chapter, an image of Orlando was generated using Bing Image Creator, an AI-based image generation tool. The prompt focused on Orlando’s female identity, aristocratic clothing of the eighteenth century, and a reflective, introspective expression. This visual representation helps translate Woolf’s literary description into an image, reinforcing the novel’s exploration of gender as something performed and perceived through external markers such as dress.
Virginia Woolf’s Orlando is a landmark modernist text that challenges traditional ideas about identity, gender, time, and literary form. Through the use of stream of consciousness, Woolf prioritizes inner psychological reality over external events. By experimenting with the form of the New Biography, she questions the ability of conventional biography to capture the truth of a human life. Most importantly, through Orlando’s gender transformation, Woolf exposes gender as a social construct shaped by cultural expectations rather than biological fact.
Orlando remains a powerful and relevant work because it invites readers to rethink fixed categories of identity and embrace the complexity and fluidity of human experience. Its blend of fantasy, history, and psychological insight continues to make it one of the most innovative and influential works of twentieth-century literature.
Hameed, Dr. N. Sheik. “The Stream of Consciousness in Virginia Woolf’s Orlando: A Study.” Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research https://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR1906275.pdf
Creating Meaning in an Absurd World: Reflections on Existentialism
Existentialism is a modern philosophical movement that explores the meaning of human existence in an uncertain and often absurd world. This flipped learning activity, assigned by Prof. Dilip P. Barad .
Reflections on Existentialism: Thoughts That Resonated With Me
While watching the videos on Existentialism, several ideas stood out, but the thought that resonated with me most strongly across the videos was the idea that “existence precedes essence.” Each video approached this concept slightly differently, yet all emphasized that human beings are not born with a fixed purpose; instead, they shape their identity through choices and actions.
One video highlighted how this freedom can feel empowering, as it allows individuals to define their own values rather than follow socially imposed roles. Another video focused on the burden of responsibility that comes with freedom, stressing that we cannot blame society, fate, or circumstances for who we become. This repetition across the videos reinforced the idea that freedom is unavoidable and deeply tied to accountability.
Another recurring thought that resonated with me was the sense of anxiety and uncertainty that arises from realizing life has no predetermined meaning. Rather than presenting anxiety as negative, the videos explained it as a natural outcome of being aware of one’s freedom. This perspective helped me understand anxiety as a sign of conscious living rather than weakness.
Overall, the repeated emphasis on self-created meaning made me reflect on my own life choices. The videos collectively suggest that even in an uncertain and absurd world, individuals can live authentically by accepting freedom and taking responsibility for their decisions.
Thoughts That Resonated With Me While Watching the Videos
While watching the videos on Existentialism and Albert Camus’ The Myth of Sisyphus, several ideas stood out, but one central thought resonated deeply across both.
From the video on Existentialism, the idea that “existence precedes essence” strongly connected with me. The notion that human beings are not born with a fixed purpose, but instead create meaning through their choices, feels both liberating and unsettling. It highlights how responsibility cannot be shifted to society, fate, or circumstances we are shaped by what we decide to do with our lives.
In Camus’ The Myth of Sisyphus, the thought that resonated most was his idea of the absurd the conflict between humanity’s desire for meaning and the universe’s indifference. Camus’ claim that recognizing life’s absurdity does not lead to despair, but instead to revolt and conscious living, was particularly striking. His assertion that “one must imagine Sisyphus happy” suggests that meaning can exist even in repetition and struggle, as long as one is aware and defiant.
A thought repeated across both videos is the emphasis on accepting reality without illusion. Whether it is Sartre’s insistence on responsibility or Camus’ rejection of false hope, both stress the importance of facing life honestly and living authentically despite uncertainty.
While watching the first video on Existentialism, the idea that resonated most with me was “existence precedes essence.” The thought that human beings are not born with a fixed purpose but must create meaning through their own choices felt both liberating and unsettling. It highlights how responsibility cannot be avoided our actions define who we become.
In the second video on Albert Camus’ The Myth of Sisyphus (Absurd Reasoning), the concept of the absurd is strongly connected with the earlier idea of meaning-making. Camus’ argument that life has no inherent meaning, yet must still be lived fully, deepens the existential concern. The image of Sisyphus endlessly pushing the rock, yet being imagined as happy, resonated with me as a powerful metaphor for modern life routine, struggle, and persistence despite uncertainty.
The third video on Philosophical Suicide extended this reflection further. Camus’ rejection of false hope and blind faith stood out to me. His insistence on “living without appeal” reinforces the earlier ideas of freedom and responsibility. Instead of escaping meaninglessness through comforting beliefs, Camus urges honest confrontation with reality. This thought repeats and strengthens the message of the previous videos: awareness, not escape, is the key to authentic living.
Overall, all three videos are connected by a common thread: the call to face life honestly, accept uncertainty, and continue living consciously without relying on imposed meanings.
While reading about the Dada art movement on The Art Story, a few ideas stood out to me and one idea repeated itself in a way that deepened my understanding of what Dada was really trying to do.
Dada Began as a Reaction to War and Chaos
One thought that resonated strongly with me was that Dada emerged not merely as art, but as a reaction to the horrors and hypocrisy of World War I. The artists were deeply frustrated with the nationalist and bourgeois values that they felt had led to destruction and suffering. They used art as a kind of protest not in a gentle way, but in a way that actively challenged everything traditional art stood for.
This idea makes me reflect on how art and society influence each other not just through beauty, but through protest and critique.
Anti-Art and Absurdity Became Tools
Another idea that appears again and again in the Dada movement is the deliberate rejection of traditional art standards. Dadaists created works that were chaotic, nonsensical, and surprising like poems with no real language or everyday objects presented as art (called readymades).
This idea was repeated across the page and reminded me that art doesn’t have to be pretty or logical to communicate a message. Sometimes its weirdness is the message.
Questions Over Meaning and Purpose
Lastly, the repeated emphasis on questioning art’s purpose asking What is art? What does it mean? really stayed with me. Dada artists wanted to shake people out of comfortable ways of thinking and force them to see the absurdity in accepted values.
This makes me think about our modern world: even today, artists and thinkers continue to challenge norms, showing how relevant Dada’s ideas still are.
Repeated Thought Across the Page
The central idea that art should question, challenge, and disrupt rather than just please the eye appears again and again. It’s not just mentioned once it is the core of the movement’s philosophy. Dada didn’t want art to be pretty; it wanted art to shake people awake.
Reflections While Watching the Videos on Existentialism
While watching the videos on Existentialism, each one presented ideas that made me reflect on human life, freedom, and meaning. From the first video, the thought that resonated with me was the idea that life has no fixed or predetermined meaning. The video explained that humans are not born with a ready-made purpose; instead, they must create meaning through their own choices and actions. This idea felt realistic and relatable to modern life.
Another video emphasized how freedom can feel gloomy and overwhelming rather than joyful. The realization that we are fully responsible for our decisions can lead to anxiety and confusion. This perspective helped me understand why existentialism is often described as a “gloomy philosophy,” not because it is hopeless, but because it forces individuals to confront difficult truths about existence.
A thought that was repeated across the videos was the connection between freedom and responsibility. Each video stressed that even though humans are free to choose, they cannot escape responsibility for those choices. This repetition reinforced the idea that existentialism does not promote carelessness, but instead demands awareness, honesty, and accountability in life.
Overall, the videos made me realize that existentialism encourages individuals to live authentically by accepting uncertainty, freedom, and responsibility rather than relying on external authorities for meaning.
Video 6: Existentialism and Nihilism: Is it one and the same?
Reflection : Thoughts That Resonated While Watching the Videos
While watching the video on Dadaism, Existentialism, and Nihilism, one thought that stood out to me was how existentialism challenges conventional beliefs about life and meaning. The video showed that existentialism (unlike Dada or Nihilism) focuses on how individuals confront the meaninglessness of life by creating their own purpose instead of accepting fixed values.
Watching other videos on existentialism reinforced this idea: several videos emphasized that existence precedes essence, meaning we are not born with a pre-set purpose we define who we are through choices we make. This was described as a core concept of existentialist philosophy.
Another recurring thought across the videos was the theme of individual freedom and responsibility. Most existentialist videos explained that because there is no predetermined meaning, humans are free to choose their path but with that freedom comes responsibility for one’s own choices and life.
Overall, the repeated emphasis on personal responsibility and self-definition made me reflect on how much of life is shaped by one’s own choices rather than external expectations or rules. This message felt empowering and also a bit challenging, as it asks each person to take full ownership of their own life.
Video 7: Let us introduce Existentialism again!
Reflection: Thoughts That Resonated While Watching the Videos
While watching the video Existentialism and Nihilism and other videos on existentialism, several key thoughts stood out to me.
Existentialism vs. Nihilism
In the Existentialism and Nihilism video, one idea that resonated with me was the distinction between existentialism and nihilism. The video explained that although both perspectives deal with meaninglessness, existentialism responds by creating meaning through choice, whereas nihilism often sees life as meaningless without response. This helped me understand existentialism not as hopeless, but as a creative response to an absurd world.
“Existence Precedes Essence”
A thought that was repeated across other existentialism videos is the core idea that “existence precedes essence.” This means humans are not born with a fixed purpose — we exist first and then define ourselves through our choices and actions. This repeated theme made a strong impression on me because it highlights the freedom and responsibility each person has in shaping their life.
Freedom and Responsibility
Another idea that came up again and again was that existentialism emphasizes individual freedom, the freedom to choose one’s path and the responsibility that comes with that freedom. Several videos discussed how this freedom can be both empowering and anxiety-inducing because it places the burden of meaning squarely on each individual rather than on external systems of belief. This made me reflect on how my own choices shape my identity and values.
Video 8: Explain like I'm Five: Existentialism and Nietzsche:
Key Thoughts from the Video – Existentialism & Nihilism
Existentialism and Nihilism are different
The video explains that nihilism and existentialism are not the same idea. While nihilism claims life has no inherent purpose, existentialism agrees life doesn’t come with meaning but believes we can create our own meaning through choices and actions.
Life doesn’t have a pre-set meaning
A central thought is that the universe does not give life a built-in purpose. This absence of meaning is not something to ignore it is something humans must face and respond to.
Nihilism is the belief that life is meaningless
Nihilism literally means “nothingness” and holds that life has no real purpose, value, or objective meaning. This perspective can lead to a feeling of emptiness or indifference.
Existentialism is about creating meaning
Existentialism takes the idea of meaninglessness further by encouraging individuals to create their own purpose and values through freedom and choice. This gives life a unique and personal meaning rather than accepting a meaningless existence.
Freedom comes with responsibility
If meaning isn’t given by the world, then humans must take personal responsibility for shaping their own lives and values, rather than relying on society, religion, or tradition.
Video 9: Why I like Existentialism? Eric Dodson
Key Thoughts from the Introduction to Existentialism Video
Existentialism focuses on real human existence
The video explains that existentialism is about the actual experience of living not just abstract ideas. It tries to understand what it means for a human being to exist in the world, especially when traditional ideas (like meaning already being built into life) don’t seem to help.
Existence comes before essence
One major idea discussed is that humans are not born with a fixed purpose or nature. Instead, we first exist, and then we create our own identity and meaning through our choices and actions. This is one of the most central themes in existentialism.
Existence involves facing confusion and freedom
The video highlights that existentialism accepts the uncertainty and confusion of life instead of denying it. Since life has no pre-set meaning, humans are free but that freedom also means we must take responsibility for our own choices.
Freedom and responsibility go together
An important point is that existentialism doesn’t just talk about freedom it explains that with freedom comes responsibility: we choose our own values and actions, and we must own those choices without blaming others or society.
Video 10: Let us sum up: From Essentialism to Existentialism
Key Thoughts from the Video Existentialism & Nietzsche
Existentialism explained in simple terms
The video breaks down existentialism in a way that’s easy to understand as a philosophy that says life doesn’t come with a built-in purpose. Instead, each person creates their own meaning through how they think and act. This helps make existentialism feel less confusing and more personal.
Influence of Friedrich Nietzsche
A main point is that Friedrich Nietzsche’s ideas helped shape existentialist thinking, especially the idea that we shouldn’t just follow rules that others set for us, but should question and define our own values. This shows existentialism as a philosophy of self-creation and independence.
Life is about creating your own purpose
The video explains that because life has no predetermined meaning, humans must choose how to live and what they believe making meaning instead of finding it. This idea is one of the central foundations of existentialism.
Existentialism can be understood simply
By “explain like I’m five,” the video shows that complex philosophical ideas like freedom, choice, and purpose can be understood at a basic human level. Everyone can relate to the idea that we make decisions and those decisions shape who we are.
Existential Angst in Film What It Really Means
In cinema, existential angst refers to the deep, psychological anxiety that comes from questioning one’s place in the world. Rather than focusing on external conflict, films that use existential angst dive into a character’s inner life, their fear of meaninglessness, the responsibility of freedom, and the uncertainty of existence.
This is not ordinary stress or fear, it's the kind of anxiety that comes when a character realizes life doesn’t offer clear purpose or rules, and that they alone must define their own path. This struggle often appears as confusion, isolation, or even despair on screen, and the narrative may resist giving neat answers.
Existential angst reflects real human questions:
Why am I here?
What should I choose?
Does anything really matter?
Am I alone in shaping my destiny?
When a film explores these ideas, it invites the audience not just to watch, but to think confronting their own beliefs about freedom, purpose, and identity. In doing so, such films become more than entertainment; they become mirrors for our own questions about life.
Most Impactful Video and Why I Liked It
Why This Video Was the Most Impactful
The thought that resonated with me most strongly in this video was how it explained the personal significance of existential questions especially the idea that each person must confront uncertainty, freedom, and responsibility on their own terms. While other videos described basic concepts like existence preceding essence or creating one’s own meaning, this video brought those ideas to life in a way that felt immediately relevant to my own experiences.
What I liked most about this video was how it didn’t just explain existentialism as an abstract theory, it showed how philosophy relates to real human life. It connected big ideas like choice, anxiety, and personal purpose to everyday decisions and the way we live. This made the philosophy feel real rather than distant or academic.
For example, the video highlighted that even though life has no pre-written script, this doesn’t make life meaningless, it gives us the freedom to shape who we are. That shift in perspective from seeing uncertainty as frightening to seeing it as an opportunity for self-creation was what made the video especially powerful for me.
What I Took Away
This video impacted me because it made me think about:
How I make choices in my own life
Whether I live by my own values or follow others’ expectations
How I respond to life’s uncertainties with courage instead of fear
Overall, this video didn’t just explain existentialism, it made me feel what it means to live with freedom and responsibility. That’s why it was the most impactful for me.
Most Impactful Video and Why
Why This Video Was Most Impactful
The idea that resonated most deeply with me in this video was how it emphasized that meaning in life isn’t something we discover, it's something we actively create through our choices and actions. The video didn’t just explain existentialism as a set of abstract philosophical concepts; it showed how these ideas apply directly to real life. It made me think about how every decision we make big or small contributes to who we become, and that we cannot escape responsibility for those choices.
What I especially liked about this video was its focus on freedom and authenticity. Rather than portraying freedom as something light and easy, the video showed that true freedom also involves facing uncertainty, anxiety, and responsibility. This honest and realistic portrayal made existentialism feel personal and relevant, not distant or confusing.
For example, the video explained that when we accept that there is no pre-written purpose for our lives, we also accept that we must define our own purpose. That is both liberating and challenging. This perspective helped me realize that existential freedom isn’t just about being free; it’s about owning that freedom and living honestly with it.
What I Took Away
This video impacted me because it:
Made existentialism feel relatable and not just philosophical theory.
Encouraged me to think about my own life choices and how they shape my identity.
Helped me understand that uncertainty can be an opportunity for growth rather than something to escape.
Overall, this video didn’t just teach me philosophy, it made me feel and reflect on ideas that matter in everyday life. That’s why it was the most meaningful and impactful video for me.
Learning Outcomes from This Activity
Through watching and reflecting on the series of videos on Existentialism, Albert Camus, Nihilism, Dadaism, and Existential Angst, this activity helped me develop a deeper philosophical and personal understanding of human existence, meaning, and responsibility.
1. Understanding Core Existentialist Ideas
One of the key learning outcomes was a clear understanding of the fundamental existentialist idea that “existence precedes essence.” I learned that human beings are not born with a fixed purpose or identity; instead, they shape who they are through choices, actions, and lived experiences. This concept appeared repeatedly across videos and became the central framework through which I understood existentialist philosophy.
2. Awareness of Freedom and Responsibility
This activity helped me understand that freedom is inseparable from responsibility. While existentialism emphasizes individual freedom, it also places full responsibility on individuals for their choices. I learned that blaming society, fate, or circumstances is considered an act of bad faith, and authentic living requires owning one’s decisions honestly.
3. Recognizing Anxiety and Existential Angst as Meaningful
Another important outcome was learning that anxiety, angst, and uncertainty are not signs of weakness, but natural responses to human freedom and awareness. Through discussions of existential angst in philosophy and film, I understood how inner conflict, confusion, and isolation are central to the human condition and often lead to deeper self-awareness.
4. Understanding the Concept of the Absurd
Through Albert Camus’ The Myth of Sisyphus, I learned about the concept of the absurd, which arises from the conflict between humanity’s search for meaning and the universe’s silence. I also learned that Camus rejects despair and suicide, instead advocating revolt, awareness, and conscious living, symbolized by imagining Sisyphus as happy despite his endless struggle.
5. Differentiating Existentialism, Nihilism, and Dadaism
This activity helped me clearly distinguish between:
Nihilism, which views life as meaningless,
Existentialism, which responds to meaninglessness by creating meaning through choice, and
Dadaism, which used absurdity, anti-art, and chaos as a reaction against war, traditional values, and rational systems.
Understanding these differences allowed me to see how philosophy, art, and history interact with each other.
6. Appreciating Authenticity and Self-Creation
A major learning outcome was understanding the importance of authentic living. I learned that authenticity involves accepting freedom, rejecting illusions, questioning imposed values, and making conscious choices rather than blindly conforming to social expectations.
7. Connecting Philosophy to Real Life and Art
The videos and film discussions helped me see how existential ideas are not limited to theory but are reflected in literature, cinema, and everyday life. Existential philosophy became relatable through its connection to real human struggles such as identity, purpose, anxiety, and decision-making.
8. Personal Growth and Self-Reflection
Finally, this activity encouraged deep personal reflection. It made me think critically about:
My own choices and values
How I respond to uncertainty
Whether I live authentically or follow external expectations
Rather than providing ready-made answers, existentialism taught me the importance of asking honest questions and living consciously.
Five Thought-Provoking Questions
If existence precedes essence, to what extent are we truly free to shape our identity, and what limits that freedom in real life?
Is existential anxiety something that should be overcome, or can it be seen as a necessary condition for living authentically?
In a world that appears absurd and indifferent, as Camus suggests, how can individuals continue to find motivation and meaning in everyday life?
Does creating one’s own meaning make life more meaningful than following socially or religiously imposed values, or does it increase uncertainty and isolation?
How do art and cinema (such as Dadaism or films showing existential angst) help us understand philosophical ideas like freedom, responsibility, and meaning more deeply than theory alone?
Additional Feedback
This activity was intellectually engaging and highly reflective. The sequence of videos helped me gradually build a clear understanding of existentialism, moving from basic concepts to deeper philosophical and artistic interpretations. I particularly appreciated how philosophy was connected to literature, art, and cinema, which made abstract ideas more relatable and meaningful. The reflective nature of the tasks encouraged critical thinking and self-examination rather than rote learning. Overall, this activity was both academically enriching and personally thought-provoking, and it deepened my interest in existential philosophy.
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